![]() Parallel rays converge at the focal plane Rays that cross in the focal plane end up parallel f f Rays through the lens center are unaffectedġ4 Imaging f Image Object d2 d1 L1 L2 The lens law: Magnification:įinite conjugate imaging (older objectives) Image f0 Object >f0 f0 Infinite conjugate imaging (modern objectives). ![]() Which Direction? n1 n2 > n1 Refraction goes towards the normal in the higher-index mediumġ3 Ray Tracing Rules of Thumb (for thin ideal lenses) Reflected wave r Incident wave 1 Refractive index n1 = 1 Speed = c Refractive index n2 Speed = c/n 2 Refracted wave /n n1 Sin(1) = n2 Sin(2) Snell’s law: r = 1 Mirror law: Vacuumđ Air Waterđ.333 Cytoplasmđ.35–1.38 ? Glycerol (anhydrous) Immersion oilđ.515 Fused silicađ.46 Optical glassesđ.5–1.9 DiamondĒ.417 Depends on wavelength and temperature The speed ratio is the Index of Refraction, n v = c/n n = 1 n > 1 n = 1 ![]() Quantum wave-particle duality Rays: photon trajectories Rays: propagation direction of waves Magnify Resolve features Generate Contrast Capture and Display Images Vibrant current development One of the most widely used research toolsĤ Major Imaging Functions of the Microscope 2 The Light Microscope Four centuries of history
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